Tough girls remain heroes’ sidekicks in Hollywood
By IANSThursday, April 22, 2010
WASHINGTON - Despite an increase in tough and even violent female characters in Hollywood flicks, women are shown as mere sidekicks to more dominant male heroes besides being romantically linked with them.
Katy Gilpatric, social scientists at Kaplan University, has underlined the continued gender stereotypes set within a violent framework of contemporary American cinema.
These have the potential to influence a young viewing audience and their ideas about gender and violence.
Film theorists believe that the action character Ellen Ripley, played by Sigourney Weaver in the movie “Alien” in 1979, paved the way for a new type of female representation in American popular culture.
It is now common to see female action characters take part in hand-to-hand combat, wield swords, shoot machine guns and use high-tech weaponry to destroy both people and property - behaviours once exclusive to male action heroes.
Through the analysis of female characters in American action films, Katy Gilpatric’s study explores the portrayal of female heroines to see if it is really transcending traditional gender roles, or rather, re-articulating and representing gender stereotypes in a new guise.
She looked at the most popular, highest grossing action films (a total of 112) released between 1991 and 2005 featuring violent female action characters with a focus on gender stereotypes, demographics and quantity and type of violence.
Over 58 percent of violent female characters were portrayed in submissive role to the male hero in the film and 42 percent were romantically involved with him. The average violent female character was young, white, highly educated and unmarried.
These women engaged in masculine types of violence (fought against males and strangers most of the time, often used weapons and caused high levels of destruction), yet retained feminine stereotypes due to their submissive role and romantic involvement with the dominant male hero character.
Gilpatric concludes: “The debate continues as to whether the few action heroines that we are familiar with, such as Sarah Connor and Lara Croft, have broken down gender barriers in action films.”
This research provides evidence that the majority of female action characters shown in American cinema are not images of empowerment; they do not draw upon their femininity as a source of power, and they are not a kind of “post-gender woman” operating outside the boundaries of traditional gender restrictions.
Instead, “they operate inside highly socially constructed gender norms, rely on the strength and guidance of a dominant male action character, and end up re-articulating gender stereotypes”.
The success of American action films at the domestic box office can be attributed to the targeted youth audience, says a Kaplan University release.
Gilpatric’s study is published in Springer’s journal Sex Roles.
